- Collection type
- Object
- Description
- Wooden mask of a male face with moveable eyes and red paint around the eyes and extending down each cheek. [CAK 24/08/2009]
- Long description
- Wooden mask of a male face with moveable eyes and red paint around the eyes and extending down each cheek. The mask is carved from a single piece of wood, except for the articulated eyes. The eyes appear to be made from the same type of wood and are painted white with black pupils. The reverse of the eyes are carved with rounded protruding sections that have been perforated and a string has been looped from a hole in the base of the chin, through a small metal hoop to the side of the eyes, through the rounded protrusion of one eye, through the rounded protrusion of the other eye, through a second wire hoop and back down to the chin. The rounded projections are also set onto small metal brackets at the top and bottom that work like axles to allow the eyes to swivel. There are pencil marks on the outer surface of the mask to create a pattern around the eyes. The ground colour of the face is light pink with the mouth painted in red and the eyebrows and hair painted brown. The hair is carved as though parted in the centre and extends down to the ears. There is a broad red design painted across the eyes, from the bridge of the nose to the middle of the forehead. The red extends down, just over the apple of each cheek. There are unpainted elements within the red that extend out from the bottom of each eye. The chin is noticeably rounded, and there are plainly carved ears on the mask. [CAK 08/04/2010]
- Geographical reference
- British Columbia Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands) NW Coast
- Cultural groups
- Haida
- Date / Period
- Date made: Before 1882-1890
- Date collected
- Between 1882 and 1890 ?
- Acquisition information
- Purchased: 02/03/1891
- Materials and processes
- Material Wood Plant, Material Pigment, Material String, Material Iron Metal, Process Carved, Process Painted, Process Perforated, Process Strung, Process Plaited, Process Carpentered
- Dimensions
- Width: max 183 mm, Length: max 239 mm
- Object numbers
- Accession number: 1891.49.3
- Research and responses
The following information comes from Haida delegates who worked with the museum’s collection in September 2009 as part of the project “Haida Material Culture in British Museums: Generating New Forms of Knowledge”:
This mask was viewed with three other masks by the same carver, alongside other masks in the collection, on Thursday Sept 10, 2009. Delegates supported the identification of the carver as Simeon Stilthda. Jaalen Edenshaw commented that Stilthda is known for creating masks with moving eyes and was an expert at the techniques required for this. Stilthda is generally thought to be from the Ts’iit Gitanee clan from the village of Yan, although there is a possibility that he is from the other clan who lived in Yan. Diane Brown provided the name of another artist from Yan, Gwaytihl. [Cara Krmpotich note: Among art historians, there has been considerable work undertaken to distinguish the two artists, with many works originally attributed to Gwaytihl later revised as the hand of Stilthda.] With regards to the face painting on the masks, Vince Collison suggested people compare the designs with those illustrated by Franz Boas, and with those appearing in a photograph taken in Skidegate of villagers with masks, regalia and faces painted before they were encouraged to give up those practices. A copy of the photo appears in the catalogue for Raven Travelling: Two Centuries of Haida Art [Cara Krmpotich note: the image appears on page 60. It is cited as being from the United Church of Canada Archives, and taken circa 1890.] Delegates wondered whether any of the masks were used as there are no mouthpieces or teeth marks—signs that a dancer had bitten down to hold on to the mask while dancing.
This mask was identified as a male. Diane Brown provided the Skidegate Haida word for mask, niijang, which also means a likeness of something. The same word, for example, is used to describe a picture.
Discussions of the four masks by Simeon Stilthda can be viewed on Tape 2, time 15:10, and Tape 4, time 26:10 and 29:28, which can be found in the Haida Project Related Documents File. [CAK 08/04/2010]
This mask may have been made by the Masset artist Charles Gwaytihl, whose work it resembles (see The Legacy: Continuing Traditions of Canadian Northwest Coast Indian Art, by Peter L. Macnair, Alan L. Hoover and Kevin Neary (Edinburgh: Edinburgh International Festival, 1980), pp. 70, 182 and fig. 48). [LMM, undated; JC 4 9 1996]
The attribution of this mask to Simeon Stilthda (c. 1799-1889) was made by Robin K. Wright in 'Two Haida Artists from Yan. Will John Gwaytihl and Simeon Stilthda Please Step Apart?', in American Indian Art Magazine. Vol. XXIII, no. 3 (Summer 1998), pp. 42-57, 106-107. Wright says that 29 masks can be attributed to Simeon Stilthda and that these can be divided into four basic types. This is an example of the type of 'young women masks with small labrets'; see p. 57, no. 4. [CW 11 6 98; JC 16 4 1999] NB this contradicts catalogue entry for this item which says it is of a deceased young man; face does not have a labret either. [Laura Peers 30/8/2005].
As of December 2005, email correspondence with Bill Holm and conversations with Bill McLennan (MOA, UBC), and several Haida carvers during consultations with Haida Nation, attribution of carver was uniformly to Simeon Stilthda. [Laura Peers, 07/04/2006]
For a similar mask with moveable eyes by Simeon Stilthda, see Royal British Columbia Provincial Museum 10655. [L Peers, 28/4/2017]
Comment left by Karen Duffek, Curator, Contemporary Visual Arts & Pacific Northwest, on the Reciprocal Research Network: Simeon sdiihldaa (skil kingaans), c. 1799 - 1889 (died at age 90), of the st'langng 'laanaas Raven clan, of Massett and Yan. [FB 11/1/2021]
- Associated publications
- Object: EMPOWERING ART: Indigenous Creativity and Activism from North America's Northwest Coast, Editor: Jack Davy; Additional author: Haa'Yups; Additional author: Ishmael Khaagwaask' Hope; Additional author: Kaitlin McCormick; Additional author: Jordan Wilson; Norwich, 2023, Page: 71, Page illustrated: 71, Notes: Simeon Stilted, Haida, Mask of a male with red paint around the eyes, c.1882-1890 Painted wood, string and iron. Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford
- Reproduced in black and white as figure 11 on page 7 of 'Haida Art in the Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford, and the Rev. Charles Harrison', by June Bedford, in European Review of Native American Studies, Vol. XII, no. 2 (1998), pp. 1-10. Caption reads: 'Mask of a deceased man; attributed to Stilthda.' [JC 16 4 1999] Illustrated in black and white (PRM image PRM000013636) as Figure 11.5 on page 282 of "Art as Action, Art as Evidence', by Howard Morphy, in Dan Hicks and Mary C. Beaudry (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Material Culture Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 264-90. Caption (same page): 'Fig. 11.5 Haida portrait mask of a dead youth. Masks of this type were used in the winter ceremonial performances of the Haida and other societies of the north-west coast of North America. The rituals included spectacular theatrical performances in which the dead were brought back to life through masquerade. This particular mask of a dead youth is one of a series of four collected by the Reverend Charles Harrison in the 1880s now in the Pitt Rivers Museum. The mask has been attributed to the nineteenth-century Haida artist Simeon Stilthda (photo courtesy of Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford, accession number 1891.49.3).' [JC 15 11 2019] Colour photograph on page 71 of the exhibition catalogue 'Empowering art: indigenous creativity and activism from North Americas Northwest Coast' with the caption 'Simeon Stilthda, Haida, Mask of a male with red paint around the eyes, c.1882-1890, painted wood, string and iron. Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford.'
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